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2025年07月16日

OSPF实战避坑指南:配置精讲+故障速排+调优技巧全解析

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1、交换机/路由器疑难故障处理方案

2、网络架构优化与安全防护实战技巧

3、中小企业低成本智能组网案例解析

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特别提醒：网络运维问题常有突发性，建议将本文加入收藏，遇到设备配置、链路故障、卡顿、数据丢包等问题时，随时可调取解决方案！

一、网络拓扑：

二、配置过程：

1、配置ip

#AR1路由器配置
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sysname AR1
[AR1]
[AR1]int gi 0/0/0
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 192.168.12.1 24
[AR1-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[AR1]int LoopBack 0
[AR1-LoopBack0]ip address 1.1.1.1 24
[AR1-LoopBack0]q
[AR1]

#查看接口信息
[AR1]dis ip int brief 
*down: administratively down
^down: standby
(l): loopback
(s): spoofing
The number of interface that is UP in Physical is 3
The number of interface that is DOWN in Physical is 2
The number of interface that is UP in Protocol is 3
The number of interface that is DOWN in Protocol is 2

Interface                         IP Address/Mask      Physical   Protocol  
GigabitEthernet0/0/0              192.168.12.1/24      up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/1              unassigned           down       down      
GigabitEthernet0/0/2              unassigned           down       down      
LoopBack0                         1.1.1.1/24           up         up(s)     
NULL0                             unassigned           up         up(s)     
[AR1]

#AR2路由器配置
<Huawei>sys
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
[Huawei]undo inf en
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sysna 	
[Huawei]sysname AR2
[AR2]
[AR2]int gi 0/0/0
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 192.168.12.2 24
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[AR2]int loop	
[AR2]int LoopBack 0
[AR2-LoopBack0]ip add 2.2.2.2 24
[AR2-LoopBack0]
[AR2-LoopBack0]q
[AR2]int gi 0/0/1
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]ip add 192.168.10.2 24
[AR2-GigabitEthernet0/0/1]q
[AR2]int loop	
[AR2]

#AR3配置

<Huawei>SYS
Enter system view, return user view with Ctrl+Z.
Info: Information center is disabled.
[Huawei]sysname AR3
[AR3]
[AR3]int gi 0/0/0
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]ip add 192.168.10.3 24
[AR3-GigabitEthernet0/0/0]q
[AR3]int LoopBack 0
[AR3-LoopBack0]ip add 3.3.3.3 24
[AR3-LoopBack0]q
[AR3]dis ip int brief 
*down: administratively down
^down: standby
(l): loopback
(s): spoofing
The number of interface that is UP in Physical is 3
The number of interface that is DOWN in Physical is 2
The number of interface that is UP in Protocol is 3
The number of interface that is DOWN in Protocol is 2

Interface                         IP Address/Mask      Physical   Protocol  
GigabitEthernet0/0/0              192.168.10.3/24      up         up        
GigabitEthernet0/0/1              unassigned           down       down      
GigabitEthernet0/0/2              unassigned           down       down      
LoopBack0                         3.3.3.3/24           up         up(s)     
NULL0                             unassigned           up         up(s)     
[AR3]

2、配置OSPF

#AR1 OSPF 配置
[AR1]ospf 1 router-id 1.1.1.1
[AR1-ospf-1]area 0
[AR1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255
[AR1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 1.1.1.0 0.0.0.255
[AR1-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]q
[AR1-ospf-1]q
[AR1]
#AR2 OSPF 配置
[AR2]ospf 1 router-id 2.2.2.2
[AR2-ospf-1]area 0
[AR2-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.12.0 0.0.0.255
[AR2-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255
[AR2-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 2.2.2.0 0.0.0.255
[AR2-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]q
[AR2-ospf-1]q
[AR2]
#AR3 OSPF配置
[AR3]ospf 1 router-id 3.3.3.3
[AR3-ospf-1]area 0
[AR3-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 192.168.10.0 0.0.0.255
[AR3-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]network 3.3.3.0 0.0.0.255
[AR3-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]q
[AR3-ospf-1]q
[AR3]

查看邻居表

#AR1邻居表
[AR1]dis ospf peer 

	 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 1.1.1.1
		 Neighbors 

 Area 0.0.0.0 interface 192.168.12.1(GigabitEthernet0/0/0)'s neighbors
 Router ID: 2.2.2.2          Address: 192.168.12.2    
   State: Full  Mode:Nbr is  Master  Priority: 1
   DR: 192.168.12.1  BDR: 192.168.12.2  MTU: 0    
   Dead timer due in 34  sec 
   Retrans timer interval: 5 
   Neighbor is up for 00:04:15     
   Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ] 

[AR1]
#AR2邻居表
[AR2]dis ospf peer 

	 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 2.2.2.2
		 Neighbors 

 Area 0.0.0.0 interface 192.168.12.2(GigabitEthernet0/0/0)'s neighbors
 Router ID: 1.1.1.1          Address: 192.168.12.1    
   State: Full  Mode:Nbr is  Slave  Priority: 1
   DR: 192.168.12.1  BDR: 192.168.12.2  MTU: 0    
   Dead timer due in 40  sec 
   Retrans timer interval: 5 
   Neighbor is up for 00:07:07     
   Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ] 

		 Neighbors 

 Area 0.0.0.0 interface 192.168.10.2(GigabitEthernet0/0/1)'s neighbors
 Router ID: 3.3.3.3          Address: 192.168.10.3    
   State: Full  Mode:Nbr is  Master  Priority: 1
   DR: 192.168.10.2  BDR: 192.168.10.3  MTU: 0    
   Dead timer due in 40  sec 
   Retrans timer interval: 5 
   Neighbor is up for 00:04:11     
   Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ] 
[AR2]
#AR3 邻居表
[AR3]dis ospf peer 
	 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 3.3.3.3
		 Neighbors 
 Area 0.0.0.0 interface 192.168.10.3(GigabitEthernet0/0/0)'s neighbors
 Router ID: 2.2.2.2          Address: 192.168.10.2    
   State: Full  Mode:Nbr is  Slave  Priority: 1
   DR: 192.168.10.2  BDR: 192.168.10.3  MTU: 0    
   Dead timer due in 40  sec 
   Retrans timer interval: 5 
   Neighbor is up for 00:08:05     
   Authentication Sequence: [ 0 ]

查看路由表

#AR1路由表
[AR1]dis ospf routing 

	 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 1.1.1.1
		  Routing Tables 

 Routing for Network 
 Destination        Cost  Type       NextHop         AdvRouter       Area
 1.1.1.1/32         0     Stub       1.1.1.1         1.1.1.1         0.0.0.0
 192.168.12.0/24    1     Transit    192.168.12.1    1.1.1.1         0.0.0.0
 2.2.2.2/32         1     Stub       192.168.12.2    2.2.2.2         0.0.0.0
 3.3.3.3/32         2     Stub       192.168.12.2    3.3.3.3         0.0.0.0
 192.168.10.0/24    2     Transit    192.168.12.2    2.2.2.2         0.0.0.0

 Total Nets: 5  
 Intra Area: 5  Inter Area: 0  ASE: 0  NSSA: 0 

[AR1]

#AR2路由表
[AR2]dis ospf routing 

	 OSPF Process 1 with Router ID 2.2.2.2
		  Routing Tables 

 Routing for Network 
 Destination        Cost  Type       NextHop         AdvRouter       Area
 2.2.2.2/32         0     Stub       2.2.2.2         2.2.2.2         0.0.0.0
 192.168.10.0/24    1     Transit    192.168.10.2    2.2.2.2         0.0.0.0
 192.168.12.0/24    1     Transit    192.168.12.2    2.2.2.2         0.0.0.0
 1.1.1.1/32         1     Stub       192.168.12.1    1.1.1.1         0.0.0.0
 3.3.3.3/32         1     Stub       192.168.10.3    3.3.3.3         0.0.0.0

 Total Nets: 5  
 Intra Area: 5  Inter Area: 0  ASE: 0  NSSA: 0 

[AR2]
#AR3 路由表这里省略，用到命令相同

3、测试

AR1 能够与AR3 互通

三、典型故障排查

场景1：邻居状态卡在Init

现象：display ospf peer显示状态为Init

排查步骤：

  1. 检查物理链路状态：display interface brief
  2. 验证Hello包交互：debugging ospf packet hello
  3. 确认ACL过滤规则：display acl all

场景2：反复震荡在ExStart/Exchange

特征：邻居状态在ExStart和Exchange之间震荡

解决方案：

  1. 检查MTU一致性：display interface | include MTU
  2. 验证DD报文序列号：debugging ospf packet dd
  3. 考虑关闭MTU检测：ospf mtu-ignore（临时方案）

四、高阶调优技巧

1. 静默接口配置

防止不必要的邻居建立：

[RouterA] ospf 1
[RouterA-ospf-1] silent-interface GigabitEthernet0/0/1  // 禁止发送OSPF报文

2. 调整网络类型

解决帧中继环境下的邻居问题：

[RouterA-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] ospf network-type p2mp  // 修改网络类型

3. 安全加固配置

启用MD5认证：

[RouterA-GigabitEthernet0/0/0] ospf authentication-mode md5 1 cipher Huawei@123

五、结语

实战建议：

建议读者建立“四查清单”（区域/认证/计时器/MTU），并养成对比display ospf peer verbose 与debugging日志联动的排障习惯。真正的技术成长始于动手验证——用ENSP环境模拟文中拓扑场景，来检验实验的可行性。

标签：viewstatemode 

作者:koubeiwu , 分类:技术文章 , 浏览:7 , 评论:0

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